Loop Control Automatic Reversing Circuit

Loop Control Automatic Reversing Circuit

Automatic Reversing Loop Circuit - Notes

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It is not the purpose of this page to provide a detailed explanation of the IC's used by this circuit. If you want more information on this subject please refer to the Flip-Flop Made With A LM556 Timer Chip page in the miscellaneous circuits section of this site and also the Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits.
*

The circuit uses the basic phototransistor detector circuit to sense the position of a train that is approaching or is in the reversing loop.
*

Track polarity reversing is not covered by this page and will have to be determined by the user.

Please Read Before Using These Circuit Ideas

The explanations for the circuits on these pages cannot hope to cover every situation on every layout. For this reason be prepared to do some experimenting to get the results you want. This is especially true of circuits such as the "Across Track Infrared Detection" circuits and any other circuit that relies on other than direct electronic inputs, such as switches.

If you use any of these circuit ideas, ask your parts supplier for a copy of the manufacturers data sheets for any components that you have not used before. These sheets contain a wealth of data and circuit design information that no electronic or print article could approach and will save time and perhaps damage to the components themselves. These data sheets can often be found on the web site of the device manufacturers.

Although the circuits are functional the pages are not meant to be full descriptions of each circuit but rather as guides for adapting them for use by others. If you have any questions or comments please send them to the email address on the Circuit Index page.

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LM56 Thermostat Project Circuit Diagram

LM56 Thermostat Project Circuit Diagram values of R1, R2 and R3 for the required trip points VT1 and VT2 can be determined using the subsequent equations.

VT1 = 1.250V x (R1)/ (R1 + R2 + R3)
VT2 = 1.250V x (R1 + R2)/ (R1 + R2 + R3)
where:
(R1 + R2 + R3) = 27 k Ohms and
VT1 or T2 = [6.20 mV/degree Celsius x T] = 395 mV therefore:
R1 = VT1/ (1.25V) x 27 k Ohms
R2 = (VT2/ (1.25V) x 27 k Ohms) – R1
R3 = 27 k Ohms – R1 – R2

This electronic circuit thermostat using IC LM56 diagram which simple project you can use as reference guide. As you know, IC LM56 is correct dual output low power thermostat characterize by National Semiconductors. 2 stable temperature trip points called VT1 and VT2 are made with dividing the IC LM56 1.250Volt internal voltage reference by three outside resistors (R1, R2 and R3) component. there's 2 digital outputs for IC LM56 that is Output1 becomes LOW when the temperature increases above T1 and goes HIGH when the temperature decreases below (T1±Hysteresis Temperature). Component IC LM56 has a variety of useful features such as internal temperature sensor, 2 internal voltage comparators, internal voltage reference etc.

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Rangkaian USB Sound Card PCM2702

Rangkaian USB Sound Card PCM2702

The core of this construction is 16-Bit Stereo Digital-To-Analog Convertor with USB interface PCM2702.

PCM2702 needs only few additional parts to work. The schematic is not complex. Sound card can be powered directly from USB port (jumper W1) or from external power supply (jumper W3). PCM2702 needs two power supply 3.3V (3V-3.6V) and 5V (4.5V-5.5V). I used fixed output voltage LDO TPS76733Q for 3.3V (IO2) and adjustable output voltage LDO TPS76701Q for 5V (IO3). Both LDO are produced by TI, I used this because I had it in my drawer. Any similar LDO can be used. Output voltage of IO3 should be set to little bit lower than input voltage to allow LDO good stabilization, in my case output voltage is set to 4.8V. Output voltage can be set by adjustable resistor R33. In case of low power supply, IO3 can be shorted by jumper W3. LED D3 signalizes power on.

Small ferrite beads are placed before all power pins of PCM2702 and in Vbus and GND of USB. These small beads reduce high frequency hum. I had a problem find this small SMD ferrite beads in local stores but finally I acquire few of them from old hard drive. They are not absolutely necessary, you can use zero ohm resistors instead of them.

Low-pass filter is placed in output signal path to reduce sampling frequency. An OPA2353UA dual op amp is configured as a stereo 2nd-order low-pass filter. Led diode D1 is illuminated when PCM2702 plays audio data received from the USB bus. Led diode D2 is illuminated when USB bus suspends audio data transmission to the PCM2702.

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Rangkaian Infrared Cordless Headphone Amplifier

Rangkaian Infrared Cordless Headphone Amplifier

Using this low cost Project one can reproduce AUDIO from TV without disturbing anyone. It does not use any wire between TV and HEADPHONE. In place of pair of wires it uses invisible Infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to Headphone. Without using any lens a range of up to 6 meters is possible. Range can be extended by using Lenses and Reflectors with IR sensors comprising transmitters and receivers. IR transmitter uses two-stage transistor amplifier to drive two IR leds connected in series. An audio output transformer is used (in reverse) to couple Audio output from TV to the IR transmitter.

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Rangkaian Op-amp Headphone Amplifier RC-4560

Rangkaian Op-amp Headphone Amplifier RC-4560

This is a headphone amplifier similiar to the one designed by Chu Moy. For reference, the original Chu Moy article is here while a great tutorial on building it is here. I have used a different dual operational amplifier, the RC4560, manufactured by Texas Instruments, in the TSSOP package, and chip resistors in order to make an extremely small printed circuit board assembly.

View More here...

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Tube Preamplifier Schematic 6DJ8 / ECC88 SRPP

This is one of many possible variations for a Symmetrical SRPP Preamplifier based around the 6DJ8 / ECC88 family of tubes. The SRPP circuit has also been referred to as a SEPP, Totem Pole, Mu Follower, Mu amplifier and Cascoded Cathode Follower. The original name for this circuit is a Balanced Direct and Alternating Current Amplifier (Maurice Artzt, Radio Corporation of America, February 9, 1943, Patent 2310342).

6DJ8 / ECC88 SRPP Tube Preamplifier Schematic

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Tube Preamplifier 5687 Led Biased Circuit

The power supply uses one RCA-83 mercury rectifier. An Omron timer is used to delay the B+ in order to allow the rectifier to warm up. The last 2 RC sections (3k6, 220uF, 3k9, 10uF) are separate for each channel, but in future I plan to remove that and use a CCS for each channel instead. The 10uF capacitor is polystyrene. Yes, those are 50H chokes!

The RCA-83 rectifier uses 5VAC for the filaments. The heaters for the 5687 tubes are provided from a full bridge of MUR860 diodes, followed by 5 x 10,000uF Elna caps. 830mA of current regulation is supplied using a LM317 regulator and a 1R5 resistor between ADJ and VOUT pins. Votlage to the tubes is about 11.5V, so I am actually running starved filaments.

The preamplifier uses the double section of a 5687 tube for each channel, with each section using it's own grid stopper (220R) and it's own pair of green LED for a 4V bias. The double section is used so as to lower the effective tube impedance, resulting in better compatibility with the Tamura A4717 5k output transformers. The 5687 tubes are operated at 115V, -4V and 25mA, which is one of the more linear regions for a 5687. Initially, I tried AC for the filaments and the result was far too much hum, so DC is used for the heaters. The schematic of the preamplifier section is shown in Figure 01.

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Rangkaian MOSFET Hybrid Headphone Amplifier 12AU7 / IRF612

Figure 2: 12AU7 Tube / IRF612 Mosfet Headphone Amp Schematic

Table 1: Parts List - 12AU7 / IRF612 Headphone Amp

QTY	LABEL	VALUE
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1	P1 C1 C5 R1 C2 R5 R4 R3 C4 R2 R6 VT1 T1 -- -- --	100k 100nF 100nF 1M 1uF 20ohm 5W 200 ohm 2W 220k 2W 470uF 50V 47k 5k 2W 12AU7 / ECC82 IRF612 LED Holder LED 9-pin Tube Socket

Additional Notes - Parts List:

* Heatsink must dissipate around 3W so 2.5-3 square inches, or less if you use a fan. Use heatsink paste and mica insulators as well as insulated washer. The tab of the Mosfet is at (12-13vdc)

* Chassis of your choice, plan for ventilation.

* 13VDC switching power supply, can be between 12 and 13 volts to heat the filaments. Power jack is a generic DC jack from Radio Shack.

* The MOSFET (T1) can be replaced by an IRF510, IRF610 or IRF611.

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Rangkaian Audio Amplifier 25 Watt Mosfet

Parts:
Kit

R1,R4_________47K 1/4W Resistors
R2____________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R3____________1K5 1/4W Resistor
R5__________390R 1/4W Resistor
R6__________470R 1/4W Resistor
R7___________33K 1/4W Resistor
R8__________150K 1/4W Resistor
R9___________15K 1/4W Resistor
R10__________27R 1/4W Resistor
R11_________500R 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R12,R13,R16__10R 1/4W Resistors
R14,R15_____220R 1/4W Resistors
R17___________8R2 2W Resistor
R18____________R22 4W Resistor (wirewound)

C1___________470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2___________330pF 63V Polystyrene Capacitor
C3,C5________470µF 63V Electrolytic Capacitors
C4,C6,C8,C11_100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C7___________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C9____________10pF 63V Polystyrene Capacitor
C10____________1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor

Q1-Q5______BC560C 45V 100mA Low noise High gain PNP Transistors
Q6_________BD140 80V 1.5A PNP Transistor
Q7_________BD139 80V 1.5A NPN Transistor
Q8_________IRF530 100V 14A N-Channel Hexfet Transistor
Q9_________IRF9530 100V 12A P-Channel Hexfet Transistor




Parts:

R1____________3K3 1/2W Resistor

C1___________10nF 1000V Polyester Capacitor
C2,C3______4700µF 50V Electrolytic Capacitors
C4,C5_______100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

D1__________200V 8A Diode bridge
D2__________5mm. Red LED

F1,F2_______3.15A Fuses with sockets

T1__________220V Primary, 25 + 25V Secondary 120VA Mains transformer

PL1_________Male Mains plug

SW1_________SPST Mains switch



Notes:

* Can be directly connected to CD players, tuners and tape recorders. Simply add a 10K Log potentiometer (dual gang for stereo) and a switch to cope with the various sources you need.
* Q6 & Q7 must have a small U-shaped heatsink.
* Q8 & Q9 must be mounted on heatsink.
* Adjust R11 to set quiescent current at 100mA (best measured with an Avo-meter connected in series to Q8 Drain) with no input signal.
* A correct grounding is very important to eliminate hum and ground loops. Connect to the same point the ground sides of R1, R4, R9, C3 to C8. Connect C11 to output ground. Then connect separately the input and output grounds to power supply ground.
* An earlier prototype of this amplifier was recently inspected and tested again after 15 years of use.

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Rangkaian SMS Remote Controller V3.0

Picture 1: The SMS remote controller V3.0.

Introduction.

It's been passed a lot of years since my first SMS remote control. The reason I stoped developing the source code of my previous circuit was that the T10s was not available in the market sinse a lot of years. So, people could not find very easy that cell phone to build the circuit. Two years later I built another one remote control based on GSM module. I choose the GM-47 sony-ericsson module because it was very easy to handle it via AT commands. Moreover, the price was low enough for experiments. Finaly, I decided to release the source code under GNU General Public Licence V3 If you don't agree with the terms please DO NOT download or use any part of this project (schematic diagram, source code, hex code, PCB, etc).

What is this circuit for?

With this circuit you can power-ON or Power-OFF a lot of electric/electronic devices such as aDSL modem, personal computers, water boilers, water pumps, garage doors, lights and many more. Moreover, you can watch the status of 8 switches. These switches can be connected with reed switches to the windows and the doors of your house. Just like a security system.

The circuit I have made has the following specifications:

- 4 relays to Power-ON or OFF any electronic/electric device. - 8 digital inputs for reading normal swiches or reed switches. - Very few and cheap components. - SMS command execution is protected under a programmable password (for avoiding false SMS commands from other persons).

Picture 2: The schematic diagram of SMS remote control v3.0 (click to enlarge).

The schematic diagram.

This circuit is constituted by an AVR micro-controller (ATtiny2313) at 4MHz, the GM-47 GSM module, a SIM card and 4 relays. The GM-47 module works at 3.3V and is powered by the voltage stabilizer IC1. The micro-controller IC2 can work with power from 2.7V-5.5V when the speed is under 10MHz. So we power it at 3.3V because this is the voltage level that works GM-47 module. The data connection between GM-47 and ATtiny2313 is done at 9600 bps. The voltage level for this comunication is 3.3V from AVR's side and 2.7V from GM-47 side. Because of this voltage difference I used the T5 transistor to do the voltage level adaptation.

The connection of the SIM card with the GM-47 is been made by the SIM-holder K15 and the presence of the SIM card into the SIM-holder is been made by the swich SW on SIM-holder. The LED D6 when it flases, indicates that the connection to the cell phone network has been done properly. When the module cannot been connected to any cell phone network, the LED stays always ON (it's not blinking).

The GM-47 has digital and analog inputs-outputs it self but I didn't use them to avoid a malfunction with the danger of destroying the GSM module.

What the AVR micro-controller does.

After you power-on the circuit the IC2 (ATtiny2313) waits until GM-47 is initiallized, by reading the SIM card and connects to the GSM network that SIM card supports. After the connection to the network, the AVR sends the command to select the GM-47 memory as SMS storage memory. If the answer of the module is not the AVR sends again the same command. If the answer is the AVR sends the next command . This command says to the module to read the SMS as text and not as PDU format that we used in the past with T10s cell phone. The next command is that removes some information from the SMS, like SMS server's phone number and the date and time. This is done to make the SMS smaller to be handled easiest by the AVR. The next command is to read the SMS that is stored in the first memory address of the GM-47.

If there is an SMS, the AVR reads it and checks if there is the correct password. Initially the password is 1234 and can be changed by the user. Then, checks if the next character is the "*" (star). This symbol means: "Change the password with the following 4 numbers or letters". Then is searching to find the words . When "X" means the relay number (1-4) and "Y" means 0 or 1 (On or OFF). For example command means "Arm the 2nd relay" and means "Disarm the 3rd relay". After that the AVR checks again the SMS to see if there is the word with small , capital or mixed letters written in SMS. If there is, the AVR reads the status of the switches (Open or Closed) and the status of the relays (ON or OFF) and sends back an SMS to the person who sent the initial SMS. Obviously, your SIM card must have credits to send SMS!

At the end the AVR deletes the SMS from the GM-47 first storage address and starts over sending again the AT commands .

Sending an SMS to the remote control

You can send an SMS from any cell phone to the remote control by following one of the above command syntax:

A) 1234*5678 Relay1=1 Relay2=0 Relay3=1 Relay4=1 Status B) 1234 Relay1=1 Relay2=0 Relay3=1 Relay4=1 Status C) 1234 1=1 2=0 3=1 4=1 Status D) 1234 Status E) 1234 Relay2=0

In case A we have the maximum of selections. We send the initial password 1234 and we change it to 5678. We arm the relay-1, relay-3, relay-4 and disarm the relay-2. Moreover, by writing the word we ask for the status of the 8 swiches and the status of the 4 relays.

In case B we arm the relay-1, relay-3, relay-4, disarm the relay 2 and ask for the status of the relays and the switches.

In case C we do the same bypassing the words . We write the number of the relay we want to change and the status we want to have for this relay. for example case C says: armed the relays 1,3,4 and disarmed the relay 2. Moreover, we ask for the status.

In case D we ask only for the status of relays and switches.

In case E we change the status of only one relay. In this case relay-2 will be disarmed.

Piucture 5: The placement of the GM-47 module on the PCB. See the yellow thin film I put under the connector. This film is been put to protect the circuit from shortcuts between copper strip and the connector.

Via

Download schematic, source code (in AVR assembly language), PCB >>>

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Rangkaian FM Wireless HI-FI

1. Transmitter

To relieve you of any concern related to high frequency, I used a module ready, in case a module Aurel audio FM transmitter. This tiny circuit board with 2 cm by 4 cm supports a transmitter modulation frequency track, delivering an RF power of 10 mW which is quite sufficient for the desired use. As it is driven by a resonator surface wave, its frequency stability is excellent.

As you can see the review of the scheme, the module can stand alone even for some HF itself since it lacks power and a network of pre-emphasis R7, R8, C6, designed to improve quality transmission of higher frequencies.

Schematic of the transmitter

The input level required by the circuit to achieve a sufficient modulation rate of 100 mV rms, a preamplifier is necessary for our microphone. It is the role of IC1, mounted on a very classic inverting amplifier with adjustable gain through P1.

The provided microphone is a model electret with its supply circuit formed by R1, R2 and C1, but you might as well use a conventional dynamic mic, or an external electret microphone with its integrated power supply in which case R1, R2 and C1 disappear.

2. Receiver

As to the transmitter, I used a module Aurel, which is an FM audio receiver. It also appears as a tiny circuit board containing all the components of the receiver, equipped with a squelch circuit or quiet as I put to good use.

As illustrated, the audio output takes place on the leg 10 of the module and should be désaccentuée through capacitor C4 to offset the effect of pre-emphasis circuit used in the show. The AF level issued by the module may be insufficient for some high fidelity amplifiers or mixers certain: it is only 100 mV in the best cases I amplifies a bit through rose IC1 very classic.

Schematic of receiver

In order not to saturate the amplifier or mixer that follows, the adjustable potentiometer P1 can measure the level applied to it.

This preamplifier is fed continuously as the module Aurel but instead receives its power through the leg 18 of the latter. This output is in fact controlled by the internal circuit noise and is connected to power when the circuit noise estimates have detected a valid issue. The operating threshold of the muffler is adjustable and is obviously the role of the potentiometer P2 is the only external control of the receiver.

The food in turn must be regulated to 5 volts, which is made by IC2 which can receive input from 9 to 15 volts from such amplifier associated with a block or sector-style outlet . The low power consumption of the arrangement (of the order of 30 mA) makes this power supply.

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MIC 640 Acquisition System Analog Versatile Circuit

The 640 MIC circuit

This tour, available in Stainless DIL 8 legs, can measure 4 analog voltage independent between 0 and 5 volts, and send the result of this measure in the form of four characters on a standard asynchronous serial link. Its serial output is directly TTL or CMOS compatible and can be connected to a serial input RS 232 by simply adding a resistor.

The MIC 640 can operate in automatic mode, thus sending the result of four steps every second, or in command mode, in which case it sends the result of four measures under the control of external logic signal. In this latter method that we use here.

Its consumption is extremely low, it is possible to feed signals from the unused serial port RS 232, subject of course not to waste the little energy available in external circuits involved too greedy.

This circuit, easily available in France, costs less than 18 euro which makes it an ideal candidate for this achievement we will find the schema without tarder.Si you want more information about the MIC 640;'s complete data sheet entirely in French, is available for download by clicking this link.

Schematic acquisition module

MIC 640 Acquisition System Analog Versatile Circuit

The heart of the module is obviously the MIC 640, spotted IC1 on the figure below. It is directly connected to the serial input RS 232 PC via limiting resistor R1 current.

His entry called CTRL to define its mode of operation. Left to the body, it makes it automatically perform a conversion on each input per second, whereas if it is reduced to levels as high as in this case, it triggers a conversion of each entry at each grounding.

These earthed take place through the transistor Q1 controlled by the serial data output TXD of RS 232, via the diode D4. This same output is through the diode D3 and this time the capacitor C3, to produce the negative supply voltage of the input stage that we discover in a moment.

The control lines DTR and RTS serial interface they provide for the positive supply via diodes D1 and D2. This voltage is unregulated, is the positive power of the input stage. By cons, it is regulated to 5 volts through IC2 so that it feeds a voltage very stable MIC 640.

As the current and available for both the positive supply for the negative supply is still low (10 mA max), I had to carefully choose the components used and they will not be replaced under any pretext. IC2 is indeed a regulator 5 volts 3 feet very low: in one case in 2936 SM Z5 which absorbs only 500 uA. For information, its "equivalent" the 78L05 consumes 3 mA in the same situation!

The input stage meanwhile was achieved using four operational amplifiers effect transistor field-mounted voltage followers. This confers to the module input impedance greater than 100 MW. All four amplifiers are combined in one box, referenced LF 444 at National Semiconductor, whose total consumption does not exceed 800 uA for the four amplifiers! Again, no question of putting such a TL 084 which face voracious with its 5.6 mA!

This input stage is protected from excessive voltages through resistors R7 to R10 and diodes D6 to D13. If you precede the various stages of converting physical quantities / voltage, you can possibly do without protection diodes that degrade somewhat the very high input impedance of 444 MQ due to their leakage current. It is in fact only 50 pA maximum input of 444 LF while a diode, even small leaks, easily misses 1 nA or 20 times more!

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PIC Universal Programmer Schematic

PIC Universal Programmer Schematic

The signals from a parallel port is standard TTL and being "abused" by their journey on the cable connections, they are reshaped by inverters contained in IC1. As this circuit has open collector outputs it allows easy control of three transistors T1, T2 and T3. T1 and T2 allow the application of high programming voltage VPP legs adequate support universal programmer. T3 controls the normal supply voltage VDD applied also to the universal support.

This can only supply circuit to program only when really necessary and thus avoid any problems during its insertion or extraction of its programming support. Two red LEDs, D1 and D2 indicate the presence of tension on the support. D3 for its light just when the timer is turned to signal the proper functioning of the food.

Data to be programmed by IC1A pass while they go through IC1b at a replay of the circuit. The clock programming through IC1c. Support for receiving circuits to program is a model 40 feet a bit special so they can receive the PIC cases: 8, 18, 20, 28 and 40 feet. The wiring of different supplies, the data line and clock line is made in accordance with the pinouts of the various circuits.

The feeding program is simple but very tolerant. Two stabilized voltages are required: 5 volts to 13 volts and VDD for programming voltage VPP. IC2 is a 78L05 loads of 5 volts while IC3, which is a 78L08, produces 13 volts because it is not referenced to ground but the output of IC2 and product and 5 + 8 or 13 volts! To accept any external source, regulators are preceded by a generous filter and bridge rectifier. You can apply any J1 AC voltage between 12 volts and 20 or between 16 and 30 volts. The flow required is only about 100 mA.

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Figure Programmer Circuit Of AVR Atmel Microcontroller

Figure Programmer Circuit Of AVR Atmel Microcontroller

That said, the diagram of a timer circuit controlled by PC comes down to very little. Indeed, it is mainly the PC side software to generate the proper timing on the line SCK, MISO and MOSI and, of course, a minimum of circuitry for adjusting the level so you can use a standard PC ports.

The scheme of my program boils down to what you can find below. It is intended to be connected to the PC parallel port lines which are easy to fly by the program to generate the necessary timing.

It comprises all in all an integrated circuit IC1, which is a simple 74HC244 or 74HCT244, that is still a buffer for six times to reformat the signals transmitted on the PC printer output before applying the circuit to program in April. It is safe and to have a rectangular shape and signals to avoid any hazard of programming.

This circuit is wired to "amplify" signals SCK, MOSI and RESET the one hand, since these are the PC to the microcontroller, and the only signal MISO, in another sense, since it will the microcontroller to the PC.

Note that a section of IC1 LED driver from the PC which allows to report, by the ignition, the microcontroller is being programmed and it must not touch it! Power to the programmer is supplied directly to the application supporting the microcontroller via the diode D1.

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MIC 702 Mictronics Schematic Diagram

To convert a standard LCD interface parallel to serial interface model, use a microcontroller or a dedicated circuit such as the MIC 702 Mictronics you can download the complete data sheet and French by clicking this link. This is a circuit specially designed to transform the parallel interface and LCD display logic integrated asynchronous serial interface standard. Its implementation is very simple as shown in the diagram below.

The MIC 702 is connected directly to the display with which it is perfectly compatible. Notice the connection with only 4 data bits of high weight since the MIC 702 operates in the display mode twice 4 bits.

PC side, the connection with the serial output of the PC does not involve any level converter for RS 232 TTL, this role being played by the only resistor R1 22 ohm whose presence is essential.

BAUD The tab allows you to choose the operating speed of the circuit between two speeds: 9600 bps up with S1 or S2 with 2400 baud up. The leg POL allows the circuit to interpret the serial data as direct or inverted. As it is in direct RS232 link should be link this foot to ground to indicate the MIC 702 that receives data reversed. Linkage to +5 volts it would receive direct evidence as would be the case if we wanted to use this circuit with a Basic Stamp example.

Subject to use a display not backlit, the total consumption of the circuit is low enough that it can take its power directly from the output control signals to the RS 232. It is the role of diodes D2 and D3 associated with IC1, which is a regulator with low dropout voltage and low consumption.

If you insist on using a backlit display, it is possible that consumption of its single backlight exceeds the possibilities of the PC's serial port. You can use an external power supply via the diode D1. A voltage of 9 volts at a flow rate of a hundred mA appropriate.

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Sms Remote Control For Sony Ericsson T10

Sms Remote Control for Sony Ericsson T10

The accouterments of the ambit its actual actual simple, because the advice anchorage of ericsson adaptable its alive at the 5 volts with AT commands ( like the modem commands, but for adaptable phones).

The firmware of the AT90S2313 (or ATtiny2313) its actual complicated because, we accept to catechumen the 'septets' of the buzz to 'octets' because the AVR charge bytes with 8 $.25 breadth ( The 'septet' is 1 byte with 7 $.25 breadth and 'octet' is 1 byte with 8 $.25 length). All this proccess its all-important to break the bulletin from SMS.

This ambit is alive on both AT90S2313 and ATtiny2313 microcontrollers. In case of ATtiny2313 you accept to baddest "External Crystal Oscillator" instead of absence "internal RC oscillator" from the "Fuses" tab of your programmer's software. You accept to uncheck the "Divide alarm by 8 internally".

When you accomplishment the ambit affix it to the adaptable phone, about-face on the buzz and afresh ability on the circuit, not afore . The AVR now its aggravating to apprehend the bulletin from the 1st anamnesis area of the phone, for that i advance to annul all SMS letters from the buzz afore affix it to the circuit. If there is no bulletin to the 1st anamnesis location, the AVR its aggravating afresh until you beatific any.

The architecture of the bulletin charge be abandoned '1' or '0'. '1' to enable, or '0' to attenuate the device. The bulletin charge accept abandoned 8 numbers, '1' or '0' , abandoned or alloyed .

Example: if you accelerate the bulletin 11000100 afresh you enable, starting from the right, the accessories 3,7,8 ('1') and disabling the accessories 1,2,4,5,6 ('0') .

If you appetite to accelerate a new bulletin and you don't appetite to change some device, charge accelerate the aforementioned cardinal as the old message.

Example: If you appetite to accredit abandoned the 5th device, you charge accelerate a new bulletin like 11010100 to accumulate the added accessories as there are (we accelerate the aforementioned bulletin as the old ( 11000100 ) and we change abandoned the 5th bit from '0' to '1' to accredit the accessory ).

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RF Remote Control 2 Channel

RF Remote Control 2 Channel Receiver Scheme

The receiver constituted by RF receiver bore RLP434A at 418MHz, the microcontroller AT90S2313 and the 2 relays with can handle any electric (or electronic) accessory up to 10 Amps (the contacts of my relays are 10Amp at 250Volts).

The RLP434A is an RF receiver bore with cancellation abundance at 418MHz with ASK modulation. There are 2 outputs from this module, the digital, with levels from 0v to VCC (5 volts in our case) and the analog output. Analog achievement is not used. The transmitter accelerate 4 bytes with 2400bps 4 times and the receiver RLP-434A, aggregate them and move them to AT90S2313 to RxD pin, PD0.

Two affidavit to baddest AT90S2313 (20pins) instead of AT90S2343 (8pins) is because

a.) AT90S2313 use a accouterments UART adapted at 2400bps and the accouterments UART is added stable, with abate code, than software UART that I use in the transmitter. If some consecutive abstracts access at the middle-time of some added accepted added than accept routine, for abiding we will apart this $.25 of data. The accouterments UART does not accept this botheration because accept absorber for this (UDR register). This is what I beggarly that the accouterments UART is "stable".

b.) with AT90S2313 we can drive up to 14 relays with approaching advancement of the firmware, one broadcast to anniversary pin.

As antenna you can use a cable 30 - 35cm long

RF Remote Control 2 Channel Transmitter Scheme

The transmitter is constituted by AT90S2323 microcontroller and TLP434 RF transmitter bore at 418MHz. I accept designe the transmitter for added array abridgement and safe transmition of the data.

* The array abridgement is fabricated it by the use of powerdown approach of AVR. In this case the AVR goes to beddy-bye with beneath than 1uA (microampere) accepted and delay for alien arrest on pin PB1 to alive from beddy-bye and abide operating.

If you columnist the S2 key, the argumentation of this pin goes to '0' (0V) and AVR alive frome the beddy-bye approach (because PB1 is INT0) and analysis if apprenticed the S1 key. If not, the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S2. If yes the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

If you columnist the S1 key the argumentation of this pin and PB1 (through 1N4148) goes to '0' (0V). In this case the AVR booty as apprenticed key the S1.

After, account the checksum and address 4 times the aforementioned 4 byte arrangement to accomplish abiding that receiver takes the abstracts and goes to beddy-bye approach until abutting arrest on PB1.

When the INT0 pin (PB1) of AVR goes to 0V, the transmitter TLP434A is working. If you stop columnist the about-face S1 or S2, the TLP is stop working.

* The safe transmition of the abstracts based to transmition of 4 bytes with consecutive anatomy at 2400 bps (bits per seconds). 1st and 2nd byte are for acceptance of accurate alien ascendancy from receiver (like ID bytes), 3rd byte is command byte. The relays cachet dependet by the amount of this byte. Finaly, the 4th byte is the checksum of the beforehand 3 bytes.

example: if byte1=30h, byte2=35h and byte3=02h the 4th byte (chechsum) will be (byte1) XOR (byte2) XOR (byte3) = 30h XOR 35h XOR 03h = 06h.

This adjustment use 4 bytes x 8 bit anniversary = 32 bit breadth (without alpha and stop bits). That is beggarly 1 achievability at 4.294.967.295 to accept the receiver, the aforementioned 4 bytes from some added RF device.

This transmitter will assignment with all 2323 chips but bigger is AT90LS2323 with alive voltage 2.7 - 6 volts.The microcontroller that I use is AT90S2323 with alive voltage 4 - 6 volts. Its formed accomplished with 3v lithium battery.

As antenna you can use ~7cm cable in to transmitter`s box.

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PAL Colour Bar Generator With AT90S2313

PAL Colour Bar Generator With AT90S2313

I started this activity 3 weeks ago, because I was apprehensive " is that possible, some AVR MCU to actualize simple colour bars? " At the beginning, I believed that it's easy. So, I asked some bodies who knew added about PAL blended video signal. Some of them told me that it's absurd to aftermath blush absolute in software with an AVR MCU (microcontroller) because there wasn't abundant ability (frequency).

The aboriginal abstraction was to assignment with 8.867238 MHz clear (2 times the blush carrier). When I apprehend added about PAL video blended arresting creation, I saw that if you appetite to artefact colors entire-in-software you charge actualize the color-carrier (4.43 MHz), alteration 4 times the appearance of color-carrier (one time for anniversary color), to appearance 4 colours. Except that, you accept to change the color-burst from 135 deg to 135+90= 225 deg.

So, the 8.86 MHz is not enough, that`s why I acclimated 17.7 MHz clear (4 times the blush carrier). The accessible affair is to actualize the white and the atramentous bar, the blow of this project, beleave me, it's not easy.

The timing (clock cycles) of any apprenticeship is actual important for the phase-shift of the color-carrier and color-burst signals. You should account the cycles afore add or abolish any instruction.

The circuit

The ambit iis constituted by AT90s2313 active at 17.734475 MHz (overclocked) and a , 5-bit DA advocate (R2R-ladder) with 10 resistors.

I know, it's not a acceptable abstraction to overclock 77 % high than the alive abundance of the MCU, but for a few hours, annihilation amiss will happen.

Programm (write) the MCU with colour_bar_gen.hex that it's included in colour_bar_gen.zip file, affix it on blended video adapter (or scart adapter) of your TV, power-on the ambit and you will see on TV, 6 vertical bars, 4 in color, 1 white and 1 black.

I won't accomplish any account about "how does the PAL video arresting is working" because I will charge a lot of web pages to do that. Maybe some one of you, accept the ability and the time, to abide this project..

via

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OpAmp Voltage Indicator Using LM741 Circuit

LM741 Low Voltage Indicator Circuit

In order to obtain a low voltage indication - useful if you would like to stop using a battery before it is drained too deeply - the output from pin 6 is still directed through an LED (and current limiting resitor), but this time it is connected to ground rather than to the input voltage Vin as shown in the amended circuit diagram above.

Note that this circuit will only operate with input voltages in excess of around 3.8 Volts and so it cannot be used with a 2 AA battery charger.

LM741 High Voltage Indicator

The circuit diagram shown above is configured to give a high voltage indication. The 100KOhm variable resistor is used to manually configure the voltage over and above which the LED will light. If the voltage arriving at pin 2 of the LM741 is greater than the voltage arriving at pin 3, the LED lights thanks to the output from pin 6. At all other times the LED is off (as is the output from pin 6).

The Zener diode should be chosen with a zener voltage of around half that of the target voltage - e.g. for a 12.0 Volt indicator, a 5.6 Volt Zener diode could be used.

The LM741 specification sheet can be downloaded here.

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Light Dark Sensor With Relay Circuit Using LM741

Above is a schematic diagram of an LM741 light/dark sensor circuit (from the excellent 741 Op-Amp Tutorial by Tony van Roon).
The ECG128/NTE128 transistor stipulated can be substituted with any NPN transistor rated at sufficient gain and current for the chosen relay coil.

1st Nov 2007 Update - We have modified the schematic diagram above with the addition of a 220uF smoothing capacitor between the base of transistor Q1 and ground. Without this capacitor, the relay chatter (relay switching on and off many times per second) was terrible around the switch on/off light level. By adding the capacitor, relay chatter was completely eliminated.

According to the designer of this circuit, the relay will be closed only when "NO light falls on LDR1", however, in testing this circuit proved to work very well with the user able to adjust the potentiometer (P1) to automatically close the relay at whatever light level they chose.

By swapping the postitions of the 10K resistor (R1) and the LDR (LDR1), the relay will be closed when the LDR is under light rather than under darkness. Therefore a device can automatically be switched off at nighttime.

Since this circuit still contains a relay we need to make some changes* to reduce the amount of power to make it more suitable for renewable energy powered low-current applications.

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Skema Rangkaian Timer Menggunakan IC 4060B

Skema Rangkaian Timer Menggunakan IC 4060B

There are many applications for which a timer is very useful to turn a device on or off automatically after a preset interval - for example, switching off an irrigation system after 30 minutes of use, turning off a battery charger to prevent overcharging, etc.

Timing short intervals of milliseconds to minutes can easily be achieved using a NE555 timer chip. Unfortunately, this device is not suitable for timing longer intervals, and so a suitable alternative is required.

A schematic of the 4060B chip is provided below:

The pins labelled in red Q4-Q14 are the binary outputs: Q4 for the 16's, Q5 for the 32's, Q6 for the 64's and so on up to Q13 for the 8192's, and Q14 for the 16384's.

Just three external components are required to control the 4060B counter - two resistors and one capactor. The frequency of the internal oscillator (i.e. the speed of the count) is set according to the equation given at the bottom of the schematic below:

Since Q14 represents the 16,384's and Q4 represents the 16's - we know it will take 1,024 times longer (16,384 / 16) for Q14 to flip from 0 to 1 than it takes Q4. So, for an example 2-hour timer (=7,200 seconds), we just need to fine-tune the circuit so that Q4 turns on after 7,200 / 1,024 seconds = 7.03 seconds, knowing that if that is done correctly, after exactly 2 hours Q14 will flip from 0 to 1.

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Nestbox Solar Powered Wireless CCTV Camera Circuit

Below is the circuit used to power the CCTV camera, provide lighting inside the nestbox, and charge batteries from a PV solar panel.
Circuit diagram for CCTV powered by Solar Panel with Battery Backup

D1 is a Schottky Diode used to prevent battery charge escaping through the solar panel at night. Something like a 1N5817 (1 Amp 20 Volt diode) will do the job and it has a very low voltage drop of under 0.45 Volts. D2 and D3 are ultrabright LEDs used to illuminate the inside of the nestbox. R3 and R4 are resistors chosen (400+ Ohms) to ensure that no more than 30mA of current gets to the sensitive LEDs, with R5 (a 10k variable resistor) used to increase the resistance and therefore dim the LED s if they are too bright.The LM317T is a voltage regulator * used to bring the voltage of the solar panel and batteries down to just over 8 volts using resistors R1 (270 Ohm) and R2 (1500 Ohm) to set this value. K is the wireless CCTV camera. A switch (not labelled) is used to manually turn the camera on and off as required.

Via : reuk.co.uk

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SPI Flash Programmer Circuit Diagram

SPI Flash Programmer Circuit Diagram

The Picture beneath is shows the ambit diagram of the SPI Flash programmer accouterments interface, the ability to the interface is provided either by a 9V dc adapter or a 9V battery. The 74HCT367 IC absorber the alongside anchorage signals. It is all-important to use the HCT blazon IC in adjustment to accomplish abiding the programmer should additionally assignment with the 3V blazon alongside port. The 74HCT04 is acclimated to accomplish the alarm arresting for the u-controller back programming the accessory in stand-alone mode.

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Rangkaian +30V DC-DC Converter

Komponen Rangkaian +30V DC-DC Converter

Rangkaian +30V DC-DC Converter

The ascribe voltage is +5 V, the achievement voltage is +30 V and can get the about 20-mA achievement current.

The IC(CD-1846P) to be application with this advocate becomes the accomplishment stop already. However, TDK said that it was the cessation allotment and I could not access the data.

Because it may become the advertence back you use the agnate circuit, I acquaint in the capacity of the converter.

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Skema Osilator Gelombang Segitiga

Skema Osilator gelombang segitiga

In this page, I acquaint the triangular beachcomber oscillator which acclimated the Operational Amplifiers (TL082).

The ambit uses the two OP amplifiers. The OP of the one works as "the Schmitt circuit". The added OP works as "the affiliation circuit".

At the ambit diagram above, IC(1/2) is the Schmitt ambit and IC(2/2) is the affiliation circuit.

The achievement of the Schmitt ambit becomes the aboveboard wave. The achievement of the Schmitt ambit is inputted to the affiliation circuit. The achievement of the affiliation ambit becomes the triangular wave.

The ability accumulation needs both of the absolute ability accumulation and the abrogating ability supply. Also, to assignment in the oscillation, the action of R2>R3 is necessary. However, back authoritative the amount of R3 baby compared with R2, the achievement voltage becomes small. The abreast amount is acceptable for R2 and R3. You may accomplish adverse if not aquiver application the resistor with the aforementioned value. The ambit diagram aloft is application the resistor with the amount which is altered to accomplish oscillate surely.

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Stereo Gain Audio Trim Control Circuit

Audio Gain Control With Digital Potentiometers

Stereo Gain Audio Trim Control Circuit

This circuit using the MAX5160L digital pot in a divider chain supplying the MAX4252 op amp with some positive feedback in addition to the usual negative feedback via the 100K and 50K resistors. The gain of this circuit can be shown to be:

AV = (1-Kn)/(Kp-Kn)

where Kn is the negative feedback fraction, Kp the positive feedback fractions (for the example in Figure 4, Kn = 100K/(100K + 50K) or 2/3, and Kp is variable).

When the MAX5160L wiper is positioned at the VREF terminal, the gain of the circuit is -0.5V/V, as there is no positive feedback contribution. When the wiper is at mid scale, Kp = 0.5, and the gain is now -2V/V. Hence, by using those 17 positions between VREF and midscale the gain can be varied over a ±6dB range. The 15 unused positions have been traded off for repeatability, as the gain value does not depend upon the digital pot resistance tolerance, as did the circuit of Figure 1. The gain tolerance is now only limited by the ±1% 100K/50K resistors, and the INL/DNL error of the MAX5160L (±4.6% max.).

An interesting point to note, the limit for stability in this circuit is reached when Kp ≥ 2/3, when the positive feedback fraction meets or exceeds the negative. The host processor controlling the MAX5160L should therefore prevent this situation occurring.

The circuit in Figure 5 shows an obvious appraoch to a 'traditional' style volume control using digital pots. All codes are valid, with settings ranging from 0dB to full attenuation. Table 1 shows the calculated attenuations based on the MAX5160L's 32 steps.

Via

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